Multi-objective optimization design of windows combining granular aerogel glazing and double glazing systems

Window design significantly impacts multiple building performances. Due to the excellent thermal insulation and scattering properties of the granular aerogel glazing system (AGS), the combined AGS and transparent glazing are more popular in real buildings. However, the optimal configuration that balances multiple performance criteria remains unknown. In this study, the combined AGS and double glazing system (DGS) windows were designed to ensure an unobstructed outdoor view. Daylighting and discomfort glare of combined windows were simulated based on the 5-phase method in Radiance software. The total energy consumption associated with the windows was also calculated. The Pareto front and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method were used to identify the optimal combination designs that satisfy multiple performance objectives. The results showed that in the optimal combined windows, 59% of the indoor area maintains a useful daylighting level. Additionally, compared to the DGS window, the glare risk of the optimal combined window is reduced by 88.38%, and the total energy consumption for lighting, heating, and air conditioning decreases by 7.56%.